ECOsmarte^™ is attempting to patent a group of water treatment technologies using the appropriate combinations of electronic oxidation, copper ionization and specific world class filtration technologies developed by industry leaders.

Electronic Oxidation:
Using standard residential current (USA and International 220v 50 cycle; 240v 50 cycle available), ECOsmarte^™ circuitry transforms the power to low D.C. voltage and low amperage on its titanium electrodes, which have a proprietary noble metals coating. Water purifies from the water molecule itself. OH hydroxyl ion, theoretical atomic oxygen (O1) and oxygen (O2) are generated  within the sealed pressure line to oxidize the water without using sodium or chemical (the O2 can be easily confirmed with a D.O. meter). No ozone is generated. 20-80 grams per minute of oxygen radicals are created from the water ( at 20 to 900 gpm flow) and are noted on the following Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) Chart, as accepted by most chemistry text books:
 
 

Each ECOsmarte^™ oxidizer is more powerful than sodium hypochlorite, the dominant form of chlorine. The titanium shows no evidence of corrosion, wear or noble metal coating breakdown on installations dating to 1993, and ECOsmarte^™ includes the titanium electrode pair in the 5 year warranty on the product. Polarity is reversed alternating cathode and anode, allowing for self-cleaning of all ECOsmarte^™ electrodes.
 

The electrodes further oxidize and change the chemical form of sulfides in well water. Specific removal under wide parameters has occurred with hydrogen sulfide, sulpher bacteria and magnesium sulphate. No chemical regeneration of the filter media is required, and it rinses or backwashes with the source water. ECOsmarte^™ oxygen eliminates odors in all applications while reducing filter change out frequency.

Copper Ionization:
ECOsmarte^™ uses conventional copper ionization (without silver) in two different ways in its technology (110 CU grade or better.): ECOsmarte^™ copper electrodes are manufactured in a water soluble, non-chemical or machine oil process.

Point-of-Entry:
In both residential and commercial applications between .1 ppm and .5ppm trace ionization is placed constantly in the water flow. Most water pipe size applications have been addressed. When used with ECOsmarte^™ electronic oxidation, calcium is kept in the soft bicarbonate form in standing pressure lines, and at fixtures. The heat point required to precipitate calcium in the carbonate form is increased substantially. ECOsmarte^™ has specific successful history to 26 grains of hardness, (442 ppm) with a TDS level as high as 3000. No pH histories above 8.4 have been tested. PH levels of 5.2 to 8.3 are therefore required. ECOsmarte^™ manufactures low and high TDS water models for Point-of-Entry equipment, recognizing that the conductivity of the water completes the circuit. 

Spas and Swimming Pools:
ECOsmarte^™ uses ionization in trace residual amounts for spa and swimming pool applications. Cupric ions (Cu²⁺) is kept at .4 to .7 ppm residual requiring ionization for a maximum of 15 minutes per week on a 600 gallon spa and 4 hours per week on a 24,000 gallon swimming pool. No constant introduction of copper occurs and the residual sanitizer in the pool is recognized by the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The ECOsmarte^™ 30VA control box offers a choice of oxidation, ionization or on/off all swimming pool or spa equipment. Fully programmable models available. Installation of a pressure switch is recommended on spas. 

Commercial and Industrial:
Sophisticated copper ionization only systems are available for all industrial and agricultural applications, specifically but not limited to: heating and cooling systems, food and beverage, dispensing waste water treatment, agricultural drip irrigation, overhead spray systems and vapor mist, and chemical spray applications for herbicides and pesticides. Ionization lowers the surface tension of the water, yielding less chemical usage. Calcium is managed in bicarbonate form CA(H(CO³)² to 155°F under methods testing approved by ETL/EPA Labs and developed by ECOsmarte^® in 1995. Alkalinity of the water is also primarily bicarbonate, reducing corrosion tendencies. These principles are consistent with Langlier theory, though not widely known in the water industry. Most Canadian and European water analysis are now measuring bicarbonates. 

ECOsmarte^™ provides the benefits, without the environmental health costs associated with chemicals.
ECOsmarte^™ Anodyne Oxygen Process and Ozone are the only known disinfectants that have the Oxidation potential to be effective against the water borne pathogen, cryptosporidium depending on quantity. The main advantage of the ECOsmarte^™ process and ozone is, they do not create health threatening by-products such as Dioxins, Trihalomenthanes (THMs) and haloactic acids that are created by Chlorination. 

ECOsmarte^™ Anodyne process produces a more powerful and effective non-chemical method of water treatment than ozone. It should be noted that cryptolevels from municipal sources are at such high levels that ECOsmarte^™  system should be configured as the pretreatment for a Reverse Osmosis system. ECOsmarte^™ generates more oxygen radicals in one minute (20gr to 80gr) than most ozonators can generate in one hour (1/3 gram to 50 grams). ECOsmarte^™ Anodyne process is a proprietary water purification technology that provides much greater oxidation potential than ozone. To give comparison of oxidizing potential, if chlorine is the benchmark, than ozone is exponentially more effective than chlorine and ECOsmarte^™ Anodyne process would be exponentially and logarithmically more powerful than chlorine. 

The Anodyne Oxygen Process:
Water is 88% oxygen and 12% hydrogen. By the use of low voltage electricity applied to water, the simple process of electrolysis causes the electro-physical separation of water into oxygen O¹ and hydrogen which then forms Hydroxyl radicals OH. ECOsmarte^™ Anodyne process creates a combination of the most powerful oxidizers available for water disinfection, at a grams per minute level not available with ozonation. 

Advantages of the Anodyne Process When Chlorine is Present (Regulated Water):
The primary benefit to the Anodyne process is, oxidation benefits are obtained prior to Chlorination or bromination. Consequently, most of the oxidation and disinfection will be performed by the oxidizers created from the Anodyne process. Unfortunately, many public waters require halogen residuals under city, county or state laws (49 states require halogen residuals). 

The real benefit in these chemical residual waters, the oxidizers with the anodyne process do not promote the information of halogenated by-products, organic or inorganic contaminants (including halo mines.) In addition, the detrimental effects of halo genations can be diminished or eliminated entirely by the Anodyne process. Chemical expenses (exclusive of finishing, sand blasting, draining due to solid rise or cyanic toxicity) fall 50 to 80%. 

Additional benefits are: Reduced odors, reduced skin and eye irritation and eliminating the use of anti-chlorine shampoos. The pretreated water is blue not green and possesses remarkable clarity. Only the waters are treated and disinfected, not the swimmer. When properly used, the anodyne process reduces or eliminates the bathtub ring or swimming pool water line and produces other aesthetic benefits. The bottom line is the anodyne process will lower chemical costs due to lowering the amount of chlorine or halogens which must be added to obtain the required residual. In turn, this will lower the amount of chemicals which must be added to maintain the pH and water balance. ECOsmarte^™ has several thousand applications experiences and estimates chemical reduction of 50-90%, depending on pool housekeeping, local climate, and application. Carbon dioxide is strongly recommended for commercial sites. 

The Structure of Water:
Water is an extremely stable compound. It does not easily decompose and it does not readily ionize. Water (H2O) is composed of 2 parts hydrogen and 1 part oxygen. 

Hydrogen:
When hydrogen exists in a stable or balanced form, two atoms are joined together. This is elemental hydrogen gas, shown symbolically as H2. The two hydrogen atoms in hydrogen gas share two electrons. 

Oxygen:
When oxygen is in its balanced form it is O2, or elemental oxygen gas with 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. 

Water Molecule:
In a water molecule, composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are combined and are sharing electrons. 

Ionization:
When electricity is applied to water, electrolysis and ionization occurs. One of the hydrogen ions breaks away from the water molecule, the hydrogen atom now has only a proton and no electron. By losing a negative electron it has become a positive charged ion. 

Ionization of Water:
When the hydrogen ion breaks away, the second hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom remain together, sharing 10 electrons. This results in one extra negative, because the combination has one more electron than proton. This now is a single negative charged hydroxide or hydroxyl ion. 

Ions:
An atom that has acquired an electrical or electrostatic charge is called an ion and can be considered ionized. 

Ionized atoms can be negatively or positively charged. 

An ionized atom may have one or more positive or negative electrical charges. This happens when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons, thus changing the electrical balance between the protons and the electrons. 

Anions:
Negative ionized atoms are anions and have one or more electrons than they have protons. 

Cations:
Positive ionized atoms are cations and have one or more protons than they have electrons. An atom does not lose protons it loses or gains electrons. 

Ions in the Body:
Virtually all reactions in biological systems are ionic and essential to plant and animal life. 

Everything in water and in living organisms function by electrochemical reactions. Muscles react to electro-chemical stimulation. 

Most chemicals, minerals, and metals dissolved in water are electrically charged in an ionic form. 

Electrically charged Water:
Ions dissolved in water make water a good conductor of electricity and they are termed electrolytes.

Electrolytic Conductivity:
The measurement of conductivity of water is used to determine ionic contamination. 

As an example, a sodium ion is positively charged and a chlorine ion is negatively charged. When combined, they become table salt, with a balanced electrical charge. When salt is dissolved in distilled water the sodium becomes a positive ion and the chloride becomes a negative ion and the water becomes conductive. The symbol for chlorine is Cl, and the symbol for a chlorine ion is Cl^-. 

Table 1. Common ions in natural water The chemical symbol for an ion includes a plus or minus sign to indicate the unbalanced charge. Cations Anions calcium Ca++ bicarbonates HCO³^- magnesium Mg²⁺ chloride Cl^- sodium Na⁺ sulfate SO^4- - iron Fe⁺⁺ nitrate NO³^- manganese Mn⁺⁺ carbonate CO³^- copper Cu⁺⁺ phosphate PO^4- 
 
 

Ionization Potential: Is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Ionization potential is expressed in Volts. 

Electromotive Force Series: An arrangement of elements in order of their decreasing potential for ionization.
 
 

RELATIVE ELECTRONEGATIVITIES OF SOME ELEMENTS